Infogunea

Traditional farming system is technically and technologically primitive. The land is farmed to provide sustenance; everything that is produced is needed for survival (subsistence).

One fifth of the world farms in this manner, constituting the largest part of world agriculture. Today it is rare for people to live from hunting and fruit gathering. There are also few people whose occupation is nomadic agriculture and animal husbandry.

Characteristics of traditional  agriculture:

• Extensive farming with simple tools and crops
• Basic instruments: axe, hoe, stick.
• Methods: burn the plants in a field and sow in the ashes.
• Cattle raisin helps to create fallow land.
• In the absence of private property, public or communal land predominates.
• There is no surplus production.

The number of self-sufficient, family farms is diminishing in the developed countries, but this is not the case in developing countries in Africa and Asia. Nomadic herders are still found in the south of the Sahara Desert in Africa, and across Afghanistan and Lapland. Sheep herding is an important occupation in some areas, such as Mongolia, as a complement to agriculture.

Another form of traditional farming is the intensive farmed rice paddy, of great importance in Southeast Asia. Rice is the most widely planted cereal. Most species require high soil humidity during growth. Rice is cultivated in Asia, South America, Africa, the United States, southern Europe and elsewhere.

The First Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution occurred almost exclusively in England, the Second Industrial Revolution spread to other European countries and to other countries  (the USA and Japan exclusively), and theThird Industrial Revolution – that took place in the middle of the 20th century. This final one spread industrialisation to the ex-colonies and changed the industrial typology in the advanced countries (Europe, the USA…), due to the appearance of the computer.

The 1st Industrial Revolution was based initially on the development of the English textile industry carried out by non-organised factory workers. Before the 18th century, cloth-making was based on the Domestic System. But when the population of England began to increase rapidly in the 18th century, there was an increased need for the production of cloth, usually made from imported cotton from India.

Many inventions accelerated cotton production, producing more and producing more cheaply. The biggest innovation of all was James Watt’s Steam Engine (1786), applying steam power to the cotton mills. This truly converted England into the “workshop of the world”.  Another important aspect of the 1st Industrial Revolution was coal, because steam could be produced by burning coal.

This fundamental shift in power source and use had enormous consequences. Without this shift the world would not have developed as it has done. Without the steam engine, coal could not have been extracted easily, but then the steam engine was applied to the invention of cotton mills, steam ships, trains, steam tractors, and furnaces for making iron and steel. The development of the steam engine changed the shape of society. Because mills or factories did not have to be located near to water

The Second Industrial Revolution

The 2^nd Revolution saw a basic shift in the main industrial power source. In terms of cause and effect, we can say that as machines multiplied, more energy was needed. The workforce was mainly qualified and organised by Trade Unions. The coal available was insufficient, and so it was gradually replaced by petrol. The car was invented, and so demand for petrol rose. This caused a revolution in transport, which in turn stimulated new industries and commerce. Steel, for example, was needed for machines, railways, ships, cars, iron buildings etc. As more industrial regions and factories grew, there was a new need for extra finance (capital) which resulted in the growth of banking. With regard to electricity, the principles of electric generation had been established by the Englishman Michael Faraday in 1831, but it was not until 1879 that the American Thomas Edison invented a light bulb. The same year, the first commercial power station was opened in San Francisco. After various electrical domestic inventions in the early 1900s (oven, vacuum cleaner, washing machine) the developed world changed in a radical way.

In fact, a significant characteristic of the 2nd Industrial Revolution was the emergence of the USA and Germany as the new industrial powers to compete with Great Britain. In 1870, when the German state was effectively created, the Rhine and the Ruhr valleys were rich in coal. This stimulated the iron and steel industry, but also the chemical industry, originally based on synthetic dyes and aspirin. The Bayer company became the main protagonist, and by the end of the 19th century Germany was the world leader in the chemical industry, establishing factories across the world.

Industrialisation was an important event in the history of the Basque Country, but this neither happened everywhere nor at the same time. Nevertheless, there were some common characteristics. The Industrial Revolution was slow in developing, and began in the middle of the 19^th century in Biscay, at the end of the 19^th in Gipuzkoa and in the middle of the 20^th in Araba and Navarre.

Biscay began to develop rapidly with the incorporation of foreign capital, expansion of the ports, expansion of a new banking network and a new infrastructure with the expansion of the railway. The first modern iron factory in the Basque Country, Santa Ana de Bolueta, S.A. was founded in 1841 and by 1859 there was an Altos Hornos in Barakaldo, and almost immediately the whole Bilbao zone was industrialised. By 1870, Biscay was Europe’s biggest exporter of iron-ore. The iron exports and railway companies also made certain members of the Biscayan industrial bourgeoisie very rich and powerful. This stimulated mercantile activity and the end of the century saw the creation of important shipyards in Sestao (Astilleros de Sestao, Euskalduna de Construcción y Reparación de Buques) and in 1902 the creation of Altos Hornos de Vizcaya, a large and important steelworks. Up to the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th, many people from other Basque lands and other Spanish territories moved to the major industrial areas of Biscay.

In Gipuzkoa, industrialisation developed differently. There were some iron-based industries, but other related industries also appeared in different areas of Gipuzkoa. Although most of the industries were created from the end of 19th century, some industries were founded in the middle of the 19th century – such as the textile industries of Bergara –1846 Algodonera San Antonio, the paper factories near Oria-1841 La Esperanza in Tolosa, and – Fábrica de Trenes San Martín in Beasain in 1860, the predecessor of CAF (Compañía Auxiliar de Ferrocarril). In the 20th century, La Papelera Española (1902) was founded in Errenteria. In 1906 the Unión Cerrajera in Arrasate was founded, and in 1920 Alfa to make sewing machines. These factories were generally quite small, created with local capital and the workers were from Gipuzkoa.

In Araba and Navarre, and particularly in the Northern Basque Country, industrialisation didn’t begin until middle of the 20th. The exception was the iron ore Forge de l’Adour founded in Bayonne in 1884, that used iron from Biscay and English coke.

Plantation farming is a form of agriculture practised in or near tropics which originated in colonial times.

The first plantations date from the seventeenth century and existed in the southern USA, Caribbean states, Central and South America.

At first, white labour was used, but later this was replaced by black slaves, who were cheaper. Nowadays wage labourers work on the plantations and large land properties. Crops produced on the plantation are destined for markets; they use single-crop farming techniques such as cocoa, cotton or coffee, but also grow local crops such as bananas, dates, etc.

Plantations are managed like a business, whose goal is the production and marketing of goods. The workers are wage earners with fixed working hours. However, in some places workers still live in conditions similar to the era of slavery.

Single-crop farming creates problems because the product depends on international fluctuations in market prices.

We also call this kind of agriculture speculative farming. If a country depends too much on market fluctuations, this can impede its economic progression.